The atmospheric boundary layer is the layer most closely associated with human activities. It influences precipitation and climate through interactive mechanisms with underlying surfaces, aerosols, and clouds. A variety of ground-based observation devices enable continuous observation of five key vertical profiles over urban areas, including wind, temperature, humidity, hydrometeors, and aerosols. This approach helps reveal the structural characteristics of meteorological conditions and atmospheric boundary layers in megacities, as well as the influencing mechanisms of urban heat islands, underlying surface differences, and aerosol distribution.